صوت مشترک

Q1. Explain the characteristics of Database Systems and compare them with File Systems. Database System Characteristics: 1. Self-Describing Nature: A DBMS contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition of the database structure (metadata stored in the data dictionary/catalog). File systems have no such built-in metadata. 2. Insulation Between Programs and Data (Program-Data Independence): In DBMS, the structure of data files is stored in the catalog, not in application pro