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Necrosis is a form of uncontrolled cell death that occurs when cells are irreversibly damaged by external factors such as ischemia, toxins, infection, or trauma. Unlike apoptosis, which is a regulated and energy-dependent process, necrosis is typically passive and results from overwhelming cellular injury. A classic cause is prolonged ischemia, in which deprivation of oxygen halts oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. As ATP levels fall, certain ion pumps begin to fail, leading to cellular