مشترکہ آڈیو

EARTHQUAKE LOOP Earthquake = release of built-up stress energy. Focus = underground origin. Epicenter = surface above focus. P waves = fastest, compressional, first. S waves = slower, vertical motion. Surface waves = Love and Rayleigh. Magnitude = energy released. Intensity = observed effects. Richter scale = each number is 10x stronger. Hazards = fire, landslides, liquefaction, tsunami.