ھەمبەھىرلەنگەن ئاۋاز

For the quantitative stage, I examined recurring linguistic patterns related to class-based discourse and Berman’s concepts of linguistic patternings and vernacular networks. I divided the data into upper-class and lower-class discourse. For upper-class speech, I focused on negative politeness and indirectness, including conditionals, hedges, tag questions, rhetorical questions, and complex-compound structures. For lower-class speech, I focused on positive politeness and vernacular or colloquial