Findings can be interpreted as per the following themes:
1. Berman’s deforming tendencies are identifiable, but not always negatively
a. Negative shifts, for both Berman and the target text, occur when the examples show that not every loss can be justified by subtitling constraints. In such cases, the Arabic subtitle may be literal, unclear, overly explicit, or stylistically flat. The result is negative for Berman because the source-text richness is lost, and negative for the target text becaus