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GIS Fundamentals – Overview Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are integrated computer systems that capture, store, manage, analyse, and present spatial or geographic data. They combine hardware, software, data, and people to turn raw location‑based observations into actionable insights across fields such as urban planning, biology, natural‑hazard analysis, and many more. Core GIS capabilities include: Data capture & preparation – digitising maps, sensor networks (e.g., buoy SST data), GPS s